Victory for the ACT Student Text 15e

320 • S CIENCE

LESSON 3 CONFLICTING VIEWPOINTS

The passages and items in this section accompany the in-class review of the skills and concepts –‡•–‡† „› ‘ϐŽ‹…–‹‰ ‹‡™’‘‹–• ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡• ‘ –Š‡ …‹‡…‡ ‡•–Ǥ ‘— ™‹ŽŽ ™‘” –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ‹–‡• ™‹–Š ›‘—” ‹•–”—…–‘” ‹…Žƒ••Ǥ •™‡”• ƒ”‡ ‘ ’ƒ‰‡ ͶͶͳǤ DIRECTIONS: ƒ…Š ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ „‡Ž‘™ ‹• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „› •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‹–‡•Ǥ ˆ–‡” ”‡ƒ†‹‰ ƒ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ǡ …Š‘‘•‡ –Š‡ „‡•– ƒ•™‡” –‘ ‡ƒ…Š ‹–‡Ǥ ‘— ƒ› ”‡ˆ‡” –‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡• ƒ• ‘ˆ–‡ ƒ• ‡…‡••ƒ”›Ǥ ‘— ƒ”‡ ’‡”‹––‡† –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‘”Ǥ

TYPICAL CONFLICTING VIEWPOINTS ITEMS

…‘’‘—†• •‹…‡ ‘ ‘”‡ ‡Ž‡…–”‘• ™‘—Ž† „‡ ‡‡†‡† –‘ ƒ‡ ƒ ‘…–‡–Ǥ Š‡ †‹•…‘˜‡”› ‹ ͳͻ͸Ͳ –Šƒ– š‡‘…‘—Ž† ˆ‘”…‘’‘—†• •—…Š as XeF 4 ˆ‘”…‡†…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡™ –Š‡‘”›ǡ ™Š‹…Š Š‡Ž† –Šƒ– ȋƒȌ…‘’‘—†• ˆ‘”‡† ™Š‡ ‡Ž‡…–”‘• ™‡”‡…‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› ’ƒ‹”‡†ǡ ‡‹–Š‡” ‹ „‘†• ‘” ‹ ‘Ǧ„‘†‡† ’ƒ‹”•Ǣ ȋ„Ȍ –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ —„‡” ‘ˆ •Šƒ”‡† ‡Ž‡…–”‘• ƒ”‘—† ƒ…‡–”ƒŽ ƒ–‘ ˜ƒ”‹‡†ǡ ƒ†…‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ• Š‹‰Š ƒ• –™‡Ž˜‡Ǣ ȋ…Ȍ –Š‡ •Šƒ’‡• ‘ˆ…‘’‘—†• ™‡”‡ •—…Š ƒ• –‘ keep the pairs of electrons as far from each ‘–Š‡” ƒ• ’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ •‹…‡ •‹š ‡Ž‡…–”‘• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ–‘‹…•–ƒ–‡ •—””‘—† •—Žˆ—”ǡ ‹ –Š‡…‘’‘—† SF 6 ‹– ƒ…“—‹”‡† •‹š ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ •Šƒ”‡† ‡Ž‡…–”‘• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •—””‘—†‹‰ ϐŽ—‘”‹‡• ˆ‘” ƒ –‘–ƒŽ ‘ˆ –™‡Ž˜‡ ‡Ž‡…–”‘•Ǥ Š‡ •Šƒ’‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡…‘’‘—† ‹• Dz‘…–ƒŠ‡†”ƒŽǡdz ƒ• •Š‘™ ‹ ‹‰—”‡ ͳǡ •‹…‡ this conformation minimizes the overlap of „‘†‹‰ ’ƒ‹”• ‘ˆ ‡Ž‡…–”‘•Ǥ

PASSAGE I

Theory 1 ƒ”Ž› ‹ –Š‡ –™‡–‹‡–Š…‡–—”›ǡ ƒ› chemists believed that the stability of the ‘Ž‡…—Ž‡ ‡–Šƒ‡ǡ CH 4 ǡ…‘—Ž† „‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† „› –Š‡ Dz‘…–‡–dz ”—Ž‡ǡ ™Š‹…Š •–ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– •–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘……—”• ™Š‡ –Š‡…‡–”ƒŽ ƒ–‘ǡ ‹ –Š‹•…ƒ•‡ …ƒ”„‘ǡ ‹• •—””‘—†‡† „› ‡‹‰Š– Dz˜ƒŽ‡…‡ǡdz ‘” ‘—–‡”ǡ ‡Ž‡…–”‘•Ǥ ‘—” ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›…ƒ‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘—–‡” ‡Ž‡…–”‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡…ƒ”„‘ ‹–•‡Žˆǡ ƒ† ˆ‘—”…ƒ‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ˆ‘—” •—””‘—†‹‰ hydrogen atoms (the hydrogen atom was …‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ ‡š…‡’–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ”—Ž‡ •‹…‡ it was known to favor a closed shell of two ‡Ž‡…–”‘•ǡ ƒ• Š‡Ž‹— Šƒ•ȌǤ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‘…–‡– ”—Ž‡ǡ ‡‹–Š‡” CH 3 nor CH 5 •Š‘—Ž† ‡š‹•– ƒ• •–ƒ„Ž‡…‘’‘—†•ǡ ƒ† –Š‹• ’”‡†‹…–‹‘ Šƒ• „‡‡ „‘”‡ ‘—– „› ‡š’‡”‹‡–Ǥ Theory 2 Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ‘…–‡– ”—Ž‡ ’”‡†‹…–‡† ƒ›…‘’‘—†• ƒ……—”ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ ‹– ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ† •Š‘”–…‘‹‰•Ǥ ‡ ‡Ž‡…–”‘•ǡ ˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ •—””‘—† –Š‡…‘’‘—† PCl 5 Ǥ Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ–‡•– •Š‘… –‘ –Š‡ ‘…–‡– ”—Ž‡…‘…‡”‡† ‘„Ž‡ ‰ƒ•‡• •—…Š ƒ• ”›’–‘ ƒ† š‡‘ǡ ™Š‹…Š Šƒ˜‡ ‡‹‰Š– ‡Ž‡…–”‘• •—””‘—†‹‰ –Š‡ ‹ –Š‡‹” ƒ–‘‹…•–ƒ–‡•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ •Š‘—Ž† ‘– ˆ‘”

Passage Perfect ‹”…Ž‡ ‘” —†‡”Ž‹‡ key information ƒ• ›‘— ”‡ƒ† –Š‡ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‹• ™‹ŽŽ ƒŽŽ‘™ ›‘— –‘ ‡ƒ•‹Ž› locate key points in ‡ƒ…Š –Š‡‘”›Ǥ

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