Victory for the ACT Student Text 15e

474 • C AMBRIDGE P RACTICE T EST R EINFORCEMENT

39. (A) (p. 417) Science/Evaluation of Models/Analysis . early modern humans. 40. (G) (p. 417) Science/Evaluation of Models/Application . (F) is a perfectly logical argument but it does not strengthen the position of Scientist 2. (J) does not strengthen the position of Scientist 2 since there is no way to prove from the given information whether others also died violently (clubs may have been used, or spearpoints that were used may have been valuable and were taken by the victors). Even if (J) is acceptable, it does not strengthen the position of Scientist 2. It only casts doubt on the position of Scientist 1. (H) is true in general. The only possible answer that strengthens a scientist’s argument is (G). SAMPLE ESSAY RESPONSES AND ANALYSES Both hypotheses attribute the disappearance of Neanderthals to During each election cycle, billions of dollars are spent on campaigns, and the amount rises every year. Because of this exorbitant spending, there should be limits on how much individuals and corporations can donate to a campaign, and also on the total amount of money a politician can spend on a single campaign. Limits could potentially allow a wider range of …ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡• –‘ ”— ˆ‘” ‘ˆϔ‹…‡ ƒ† ™‘—Ž† †‡…”‡ƒ•‡ †‘‘”•ǯ ‹ϔŽ—‡…‡ ‘…ƒ’ƒ‹‰ ’”‘…‡‡†‹‰•Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ Ž‹‹–•…‘—Ž† ƒ‡ the whole campaign process less of a circus and allow politicians to devote more time to their actual jobs. The high cost of campaigning bars people who are not independently wealthy or well-connected from running for Congress. With expenses such as advertisements, travel, and campaign teams, campaigning is an expensive process, and the cost ”‡•‡„Ž‡• ƒ ƒ”• ”ƒ…‡ǡ ƒ• ’‘Ž‹–‹…‹ƒ•…‘–‹—‡ –‘ ‘—–•’‡† ‡ƒ…Š ‘–Š‡”Ǥ Š‘•‡ ™Š‘…ƒ‘– ‡‡’ —’ ™‹–Š –Š‡‹”…‘’‡–‹–‘”• ™‹ŽŽ not be as visible to voters, with fewer ads and public appearances. These campaigns would have made it impossible for many ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™Š‘ •Šƒ’‡† Ǥ Ǥ Š‹•–‘”› –‘ Š‘Ž† ‘ˆϔ‹…‡ –‘†ƒ›Ǥ ”‡•‹†‡–• Ž‹‡ „”ƒŠƒ ‹…‘Ž ™‘—Ž† ‘– Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ”‹•‡ –‘ ’”‘‹‡…‡ ˆ”‘ ƒ ‘†‡•– ƒ† ‘„•…—”‡ „ƒ…‰”‘—†Ǥ – ‹• –”—‡ –Šƒ– ‡˜‡ ™‹–Š ƒ Ž‹‹– ‘…ƒ’ƒ‹‰ ˆ—†‹‰ǡ ‘‡ ™‘—Ž† •–‹ŽŽ ‡‡† –‘…‘‡ ˆ”‘ ƒ ‡Ž‹–‡ „ƒ…‰”‘—† ‘” Šƒ˜‡ ’‘™‡”ˆ—Žǡ ™‡ƒŽ–Š› ˆ”‹‡†• –‘ ”— ˆ‘” ‘ˆϔ‹…‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘• ƒ› ‘’‡ –Š‡ door a little wider for candidates who are less wealthy.  ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ ”‡•–”‹…–‹‰ ™Š‘…ƒ ”— ˆ‘” ‘ˆϔ‹…‡ǡ…ƒ’ƒ‹‰ •’‡†‹‰ ƒŽŽ‘™• ™‡ƒŽ–Š› †‘‘”• –‘ †‹•’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒ–‡Ž› ”‡’”‡•‡– ’‘Ž‹–‹…‹ƒ•ǯ…ƒ’ƒ‹‰•Ǥ ‘–‡”•ǡ ™Š‡–Š‡” ”‹…Š ‘” ’‘‘”ǡ ™‹ŽŽ Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽŽ› •—’’‘”–…ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡• ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‘•– ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ –Š‡‹” …‘…‡”•Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ…ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡• ™Š‘…ƒ–‡” –‘ –Š‡ ™‡ƒŽ–Š› ƒ”‡ ‘”‡ Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ ”‡…‡‹˜‡ ‘”‡…ƒ’ƒ‹‰ ˆ—†‹‰Ǥ Š‹• ƒ‡• ‹– ‘”‡ †‹ˆϔ‹…—Ž– ˆ‘” Ž‘™‡” ‹…‘‡ ˜‘–‡”• –‘ ‡Ž‡…– ’‘Ž‹–‹…‹ƒ• ™Š‘ ™‹ŽŽ ƒ††”‡•• –Š‡‹”…‘…‡”•Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š ‘‡ ƒ› •ƒ› –Šƒ– limiting campaign donations is a violation of free speech, I would argue that money is not speech. The high cost of running ƒ…ƒ’ƒ‹‰ ƒ› ƒ…–—ƒŽŽ› Ž‹‹– –Š‡ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ‹†‡ƒ• –Šƒ–…ƒ „‡ Š‡ƒ”†ǡ ‹ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡ —•– ’ƒ› ƒ…‡”–ƒ‹ ’”‹…‡ –‘ ‰ƒ‹ ‹ϔŽ—‡…‡Ǥ †‘ ‘– ƒ‰”‡‡ –Šƒ–…ƒ’ƒ‹‰• •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ˆ—†‡† •‘Ž‡Ž› „› –ƒš’ƒ›‡” ‘‡›ǡ •‹…‡ –Š‹•…‘—Ž† Ž‡ƒ† –‘ Š‹‰Š‡” –ƒš‡•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ Ž‹‹–‹‰ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ †‘ƒ–‹‘• ™‘—Ž† Ž‡˜‡Ž –Š‡ ’Žƒ›‹‰ ϔ‹‡Ž† ƒ† ƒŽŽ‘™…ƒ’ƒ‹‰• –‘ „‡ Ž‡•• ‘‡›Ǧ†”‹˜‡Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ Ž‹‹–‹‰ •’‡†‹‰ ƒ› ˆ‘”…‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹…‹ƒ• –‘ ƒ‡ –Š‡‹”…ƒ’ƒ‹‰• •Š‘”–‡” ƒ† Ž‡•• †‡ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” –‹‡Ǥ ‘Ž‹–‹…‹ƒ• ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ —’ ˆ‘” ”‡‡Ž‡…–‹‘ ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ‘”‡ –‹‡ ƒ† ‡‡”‰› –‘ ˆ‘…—• ‘ ˆ—Žϔ‹ŽŽ‹‰ –Š‡ †—–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‘ˆϔ‹…‡ ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ”—‹‰ ˆ‘” ‹–Ǥ – Šƒ• „‡…‘‡ ƒ…Ž‹…Š± ‹ ‡”‹…ƒ ’‘Ž‹–‹…• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡š–…ƒ’ƒ‹‰ „‡‰‹• ƒ• •‘‘ ƒ• –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• ‘‡ ‡†•Ǥ ‘” members of Congress who can be reelected for an unlimited number of terms, this means that they are always campaigning ‘” ’”‡’ƒ”‹‰ –‘…ƒ’ƒ‹‰Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‹…‹ƒ•…‘—Ž† ‘Ž› ”ƒ‹•‡ ƒ Ž‹‹–‡† ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ‘‡›ǡ –Š‡‹” –‡ƒ• ™‘—Ž† •’‡† Ž‡•• time fundraising, and furthermore, this limited amount of money would force them to shorten their campaigns. Although —’’‡”…Žƒ•• ˜‘–‡”• ƒ› ’”‘–‡•– –Š‡‹” ™‡ƒ‡‡† ‹ϔŽ—‡…‡ ‘…ƒ’ƒ‹‰•ǡ Šƒ˜‹‰ ’‘Ž‹–‹…‹ƒ• ‘”‡ ˆ‘…—•‡† ‘ –Š‡‹” Œ‘„• ‹• ƒ change that voters from all social classes and political parties could appreciate. Ž–Š‘—‰Š Ž‹‹–‹‰…ƒ’ƒ‹‰ ˆ—†‹‰ ™‘—Ž† ‘– ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‹ϔŽ—‡…‡ ‘ˆ ™‡ƒŽ–Š ‘ ‡Ž‡…–‹‘•ǡ ‹– ™‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ •–‡’ ‹ –Š‡ ”‹‰Š– †‹”‡…–‹‘Ǥ ‘”‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡…‘—Ž† „‡ ϔ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽŽ›…ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ ”—‹‰ ˆ‘” ‘ˆϔ‹…‡ǡ ƒ† ™‡ƒŽ–Š› †‘‘”• ™‘—Ž† „‡ Ž‡•• Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ †‹•’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒ–‡ ‹ϔŽ—‡…‡ ‘…ƒ’ƒ‹‰•Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ™‹–Š Ž‡•• ‡’Šƒ•‹• ‘…ƒ’ƒ‹‰‹‰ǡ ’‘Ž‹–‹…‹ƒ•…‘—Ž† ˆ‘…—• ‘”‡ ‘ ™Šƒ– voters elected them to do. Ideas and Analysis: The writer clearly states his or her thesis in the introduction: limited campaign spending would make …ƒ’ƒ‹‰• Ž‡•• ‹ϐŽ—‡…‡† „› ‘‡› ƒ† ƒ‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹…‹ƒ• Ž‡•• ˆ‘…—•‡† ‘…ƒ’ƒ‹‰‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ™”‹–‡” ƒ”‰—‡• ˆ‘” ‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ 2 (spending limits for donors) but adds that the total amount of campaign spending per candidate should also be limited. Section 5: Writing (p. 418) Above Average Response