AccelePrep for the ACT Test 2nd Edition Student Text

228 • S URGE TO S UCCESS ! S CIENCE T EST P REP

4. ‘‡• –Š‡ ‰”ƒ’Š ˆ”‘ š’‡”‹‡– ͳ •—’’‘”– Šƒ”Ž‡•ǯ• Žƒ™ǫ F. No; the graph supports Boyle’s law because the data demonstrates that volume and temperature are directly proportional. G. No; the graph does not support Charles’s law because the data demonstrates that volume and pressure are inversely proportional. H. Yes; the graph supports Charles’s law because the data demonstrates that volume and temperature are directly proportional. J. Yes; the graph supports Charles’s law because the data demonstrates that volume and temperature are equal. 5. To test the validity of Boyle’s law, the students should graph gas volume as a function of: A. temperature using the data from š’‡”‹‡– ͳǤ B. temperature using the data from š’‡”‹‡– ʹǤ Ǥ ’”‡••—”‡ —•‹‰ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ˆ”‘ š’‡”‹‡– ͳǤ Ǥ ’”‡••—”‡ —•‹‰ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ˆ”‘ š’‡”‹‡– ʹǤ 6. Based on the information provided, which of the following is true for the pressure, P , temperature, T , and/or volume, V , of a sample of ‰ƒ•ǫ F. PV is constant for the same temperature. G. VT is constant for the same pressure. H. P V is constant for the same temperature. J. PVT is constant for all pressures, volumes, and temperatures.

PASSAGE II Jean Baptiste Lamarck hypothesized the process of biological evolution before Charles Darwin was born. Some aspects of Lamarck’s ideas and Darwin’s ideas are presented below. Lamarckism Observations of the fossil record led Lamarck to believe that several lines of descent led to nature’s broad diversity of organisms. Old fossils and recent fossils showed patterns leading to the characteristics of modern species. He believed that newer forms ™‡”‡ ‘”‡…‘’Ž‡š ƒ† ‘”‡ Dz’‡”ˆ‡…–Ž›dz ƒ†ƒ’–‡† to their environment. New adaptations could arise as the environment changed. Body organs that were used to cope with the environment became stronger and larger, while those not used †‡–‡”‹‘”ƒ–‡†Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ‰‹”ƒˆˆ‡• •–”‡–…Š‹‰ –Š‡‹” necks to reach higher leaves would develop longer necks. In addition, such changes in structure could then be passed on to offspring (these acquired characteristics could be inherited). Darwinism Based on the fossil and geologic record, Darwin also came to believe that various modern species were related through descent from common ancestors. He also noted that the great diversity of organisms that he observed during his travels were all very well adapted to their environments. The adaptations, however, did not come about through “coping” or usage. Instead, individuals from a population can each show slight genetic or “heritable” differences (variability) in a trait. If such differences, by chance alone, give the individual some reproductive advantage (he or she can successfully produce more offspring than other members of the population), then more ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ™‹–Š –Šƒ– –”ƒ‹– ™‹ŽŽ ƒ‡ —’ –Š‡ ‡š– generation. Through this “natural selection” of individuals with characteristics that give them a slight advantage in their particular environment, species appear to become very well suited to their natural world. However, “perfection” is not a useful term since the environment is constantly changing. The adaptations that are advantageous “today” may not be advantageous “tomorrow” under different conditions.