Victory fot the ACT Exam 16e ST Sample

America’s #1 Skills-Based College Readiness Program

Cambridge College Success Series

Victory for the ACT ® Exam Volume 2 of 3

Student Text

The Cambridge Advantage: Over 250 integrated tips and strategies More than 3,350 skill, strategy, and practice items Item index to locate high-value content areas Pacing guidelines with timed exercises Step-by-step game plan Full-length practice tests with detailed explanations      

The ACT, Inc. tests offered by Cambridge Educational Services, Inc. are retired tests, intended by ACT for practice purposes only and not for official administration, and are based on high school curriculum as of the copyright dates of the tests. Cambridge’s products and services, including its score reports, are not approved or endorsed by ACT, with which Cambridge has no affiliation.

Apply for a Shine On Scholarship!

Submit your essay at Win $500!

www.cambridgeed.com/ scholarship-form

Applications are due June 30.

Scholarship information, including deadline and rules, is available on the essay submission page. All submissions become the property of Cambridge Educational Services.

The Cambridge Grant Award has allocated over $10 million in grants and matching funds to deserving students.

A MERICA ’ S P REMIERE T ESTING R EADINESS P ROGRAM

Victory for the ACT ® Test

STUDENT TEXT

Assessment Services • Essay Grading • Analytics • Formative Assessment • Digital and Print Curriculum Financial Literacy • Career Interest Inventory • Learning Styles • Essential Skills • Non-Negotiable SkillsTM • College Prep and Success ACT® • PreACT® • ACT® 8/9 • ACT Aspire® • SAT® • PSAT/NMSQT® • PSATTM 10 • PSATTM 8/9 • TSIA2 GRE® • GMAT® • LSAT® • GED® • TASCTM • HiSET® • ITBS® • ASVAB • PRAXIS® • WorkKeys® The above-cited marks are the property of their respective owners. To nh ley AaCnTd, Innoct. tf eo sr t so fof fi cf ei ar le da dbmy iCnai smt rbartiidogne, Ea nd du caart ei o bn aa sl eSde rov ni c ehsi ,g Ihn cs .c ahroeo rl ectui rrer di c ut el us tms , ianst eonf dtehde bcyo pAyCrTi gfhotr dpar taecst i co ef pt huer pt eo ss tess. CCaammbbrriiddggee’hs apsrnooduafcftisliaatniodn.services, including its score reports, are not approved or endorsed by ACT, with which

Our Mission: Progress Through Partnership Ca da vmabnrci edmg ee nE td fuocra at il ol ns taul dSeenr vt si c. Be sy ppaarrttnneerrsi nwgi tt ho geedt uh cear t, owr es wc ahnobsehsat raec thhi ee vsei gonui rf i cc aonmt mmoi sns gi oona los f: et od ub cuai ltdi osnkai ll l s , rf iavies ey et easrts ,s Cc oa rme bs ,rei dnghea ni sc tehceunr raitci ou nl u’ smp, raenmd i seur ep ppor rotviind setrr uo fc tsicohno. oAl -lbe aa sdei nd gt ei ns tn po vr eapt oarr ai nt i oe nd uacnadt isounpfpolre mo veenr t tahl i r t y - curriculum services.

Cwawmwb.rCi admg eb Pr iudbglei sEhdi .nc go ,mI n c . ©Pu1b9li9sh4i,n1g9,9In5c, .1996, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2025 by Cambridge

AS ilxl trei ge hn tt sh reedsiet irovne d2.0F2i r5s t e d i t i o n 1 9 9 4 Printed in the United States of America 28 27 26 25 1 2 3 4 5 ISBN-13: 978-1-58894-398-9 ©All2r0ig2h5tsbyreCsaemrvberdi.dge Educational Services © 2025 by Thomas H. Martinson All rights reserved.

T ABLE OF C ONTENTS Course Overview ....................................................................................................................................... v M ASTER T EST M ECHANICS AND S TRATEGIES 1 Course Concept Outline .......................................................................................................... 3 Test Mechanics ...................................................................................................................... 7 UQ nu ii tzsz.e. . .s. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 41 35 Strategy Summary ....................................................................................................................................................................... 63 Reading 67 CT oe us tr sMe eCc ohna cnei cpst . .O. . .u. . .t. l. .i .n. . .e. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 66 79 UQ nu ii tzaz.e. . .s. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .1. . 71 99 Strategy Summary .................................................................................................................................................................... 133 Math 135 CT oe us tr sMe eCc ohna cnei cpst . .O. . .u. . .t. l. .i .n. . .e. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 33 59 UQ nu ii tzsz.e. . .s. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 40 95 Strategy Summary..................................................................................................................................................................... 219 Science (Optional) 221 CT oe us tr sMe eCc ohna cnei cpst . .O. . .u. . .t. l. .i .n. . .e. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 22 22 13 UQ nu ii tzsz.e. . .s. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 22 36 39 Strategy Summary..................................................................................................................................................................... 281 Writing (Optional) 283 CT oe us tr sMe eCc ohna cnei cpst . .O. . .u. . .t. l. .i .n. . .e. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 22 88 35 UQ nu ii tzsz.e. . .s. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 22 99 15 Strategy Summary..................................................................................................................................................................... 302 English 3

P RACTICE T EST R EINFORCEMENT 303 Section 1: English Test .................................................................................................................... 306 Section 2: Mathematics Test ............................................................................................................ 318 Section 3: Reading Test ................................................................................................................... 328 Section 4: Science Test (Optional) .................................................................................................... 336 Section 5: Writing Test (Optional) .................................................................................................... 350 A PPENDIX A: A NSWERS AND E XPLANATIONS 351

A PPENDIX B: P ROGRESS R EPORTS

397

A PPENDIX C: I CON L IST 405 Item Index…………… ............................................................................................................................... 409 Error Correction and Suggestion Form ...................................................................................................... xxx

C OURSE O VERVIEW • v

COURSE OVERVIEW

CAMBRIDGE’S VICTORY PROGRAM

Your Cambridge Victory course has been scienti�ically designed to give you maximum score ipmarptrso, vaesmsheonwt tnharobuogvhe.cTohmepsliextpeacrotvsearraeg:e of the ACT test. The program is organized into six • Establish a Baseline with a Full-Length Test. You want to see your score improve, at ankde tao fduol l -tlheantgyt ho u, rne et ier de da AbCa Ts etlei ns te .uTnhdee rb et hs et ws aamy eo fc do entdeirt mi o innsi nt hg ayt oyuorub’ lal seexlpi ne er i iesntcoe o n tr he pe obri tgi ndga yt .oTahti es si tsi na gs cc leonstee ra swyi ot hu ycoa un rgIeDt taon dt a skei nv eg rtahl eNroe. a2l Ap eC nTcti el ss. t Ywo ui trh toeuatc ahcetru wa l il lyl ss uc obrme irt eypoourrt st et shtai tn wg di l al tt ae l tl oy oC ua my obur irdsgceo’ sr eDaant ad Ps hr oocwe sysoi nu gwCheenrtee ry, oaun dm ya odue ’ lml ri es tcaeki ve es . Then you and your teacher will develop a plan to reach your ACT goal. • Polish Your Academic Skills. The ACT exam asks you to show what you know. Essential Skills serves as a refresher for the critical skills that you’ll need on the ACT test. The beauty of Essential Skills is that the review is presented in multiple-choice fwoirlml wa to, rjku satt lyi koeu rt hper et essetn. tPlleuvse, lt haen ds ktihl lesnamr eodviev itdoehdi gi nhteor tl he vr ee el s d. i f � i c u l t y l e ve l s . S o yo u • Master Test Mechanics and Strategies. Test Mechanics and Strategies are the “magic” ot of tdeos twphreenp ayroaut i do rna. wY oau b’ rlea ng ko ,i na gn dt ohloe wa r nt o haonws wt oe rmaal gn ea bg reat ha ne dt egset oi nmg eetnr yv i qr oune ms t ieonnt s, w h a t wsciothreou4tours5inpgoainlgtesb. ra or geometry. Mechanics and Strategies alone can raise your ACT • Perfect Your Pacing with Practice. Pacing on the ACT Test is absolutely essential. Yl eoaur’nl l hnoe wv e lrognegt tao tsoppe sncdo or en uena lcehs si t ye omu, uwthi lei zne t eo vsekriyp si itne gml es , swe choennda. nS do hy oo uw’ rteo ggoui en sgs t, oa n d hhoavwettohrgeeet tfuhlel-mleonsgtthvapluraecftriocemteesvtesriynminute. Of course, practice makes perfect. You The Practice Book .

The Cambridge Edge Tb oh or ok uygohuo wu ti ltlhsies e mt i pasr gainnda lf unrottheesrw i t h insights. Use the margins to make ye omuprhoaws inz i nn og t ae ns ,y strategies or tips yhoe ul p�fiunld. Aeps pp ee nc idailxl yC itny cpleusdoefs ma al irsgt ionfatl h e nthoitsebsoinockl.uded in

vi • C OURSE O VERVIEW

• Take a Final Look with a Full-Length Test. After you’ve completed the steps above, yu opuw’ l lo lrokolke fbt at cokdtoo. sYeoeu hwoiwl l tf aa rk ey oa us ehcaovne dc of uml le- l ae nn dg t wh , hreetthi reerdoAr CnTo tt et hs te. rAe ni sd saogma ien cyloe ua nr - tseesvtei nr agl dr ea pt ao wr t si l lt ob eh es cl po rwe idt ha ty oo uu rr Ds ealtf a- ePvraol uc ea st isoi nn g. SCeel fn- teevra, launadt i yo on ui ’sl li mg ept oyrotua rn ts cboercea ua ns ed eyvoeunnteheodutgohdyooua lmittalyehmaovreepwreoprakr.ed conscientiously, there may be some areas where • Ace the ACT ® Test. On test day, other test-takers simply won’t have the training that yt eocuh’ vnei qguoetst ef no r. Tahnes ywwe roi nn g’ t qhua ve es tri oe vnise, wa nedd mi maps ot errt ea dn tt hs ke i il nl st, rliecaarcni eesd oafl mt hoestte“smt i na gg i c a l ” environment. Your training will give you an amazing advantage.

Master Test Mechanics and Strategies

Polish Your Academic Skills Published in Essential Skills, 16 th Edition

Establish a Baseline with a Full-Length Test

Master Test Mechanics and Strategies Victory, pp. –302 Victory, pp. 1–302

Perfect Your Pacing with Practice Victory, pp. 303–350 The Practice Book

Take a Final Look with a Full-Length Test

Ace the ACT® Test

CAMBRIDGE VICTORY FOR THE ACT® TEST

®

ENGLISH Course Concept Outline

I. TEST MECHANICS .....................................................................................................7 A. Overview ....................................................................................................................................8 B. Anatomy (Items #1–5) ........................................................................................................ 9–10 C. Pacing ........................................................................................................................................ 11 D. Time Trial (Items #1–8) ......................................................................................................12–13 E. Game Plan................................................................................................................................ 13

1. Don’t Read the Directions .........................................................................13 2. Do the Passages in Order .........................................................................13 3. Read as You Go ............................................................................................ 14 4. Read Any Items with Underlined Parts, Looking for Errors ..............14 5. Work Backward from the Answer Choices ...........................................14 6. Don’t Look for Spelling or Capitalization Errors ..................................14 7. Make Educated Guesses ........................................................................... 14 8. Don’t Be Afraid to Pick “No Change” ..................................................... 14

II. UNIT | PRELIMINARIES 1 A. Item Profiles B. Notational Information

1. Underlined Words or Phrases 2. Bracketed Numbers (No Underline) 3. Bracketed Numbers (Centered) 4. Bracketed Letters

C. Item Types

1. Grammar and Usage 2. Sentence Structure 3. Punctuation 4. Strategy 5. Organization 6. Style

1 Some concepts in this Course Concept Outline are not illustrated through examples in your student text but may be covered by your instructor in class. They are included here to provide a complete outline of your course.

4 • E NGLISH

III. UNIT 1 | GRAMMAR AND USAGE.......................................................................... 16 A. Subject-Verb Agreement (Item #1) ........................................................................................ 16 1. Material Inserted Between Subject and Verb (Items #2–7) ........16–17 2. Inverted Sentence Structure (Items #8–9) ............................................ 17 3. Compound Subjects (Items #10–12) ........................................................ 17 B. Pronoun Usage .......................................................................................................................18 1. Pronouns Must Have Antecedents (Items #13–14) .............................. 18 2. Antecedents Must Be Clear (Item #15) ................................................... 18 3. Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement (Items #16–19) ................................. 18 4. Pronouns Must Have Proper Case (Items #20–21) ............................. 19 C. Adjectives versus Adverbs ...................................................................................................19 1. Adjectives Modify Nouns; Adverbs Modify Verbs, D. Double Negatives (Items #29–30) ...................................................................................... 20 E. Nouns and Noun Clauses (Items #31–33) .......................................................................... 20 F. Faulty or Illogical Comparisons (Items #34–38) ................................................................ 21 G. Verb Tense ...............................................................................................................................21 1. Principal Parts of Verbs (Items #39–41) .......................................... 21–22 2. When to Use the Perfect Tenses (Items #42–44) ...............................22 3. The Subjunctive Mood (Items #45–46) .................................................22 4. Sequence and Verb Tense (Items #47–50) .................................. 22–23 H. Diction...................................................................................................................................... 23 IV. UNIT 2 | SENTENCE STRUCTURE .......................................................................24 A. Run-On Sentences (Items #1–2) ........................................................................................... 24 B. Comma Splices (Items #3–4) ................................................................................................ 24 C. Fragments (Items #5–6) ........................................................................................................ 25 D. Problems of Coordination and Subordination (Items #7–14) ...................................25–26 E. Faulty Parallelism (Items #15–17) ......................................................................................... 26 F. Incomplete Split Constructions (Items #18–19) ................................................................. 26 G. Misplaced Modifiers (Items #20–22) .................................................................................. 27 H. Unintended Meanings (Items #23–24) ............................................................................... 27 V. UNIT 3 | PUNCTUATION ........................................................................................ 28 A. Commas (Items #1–20) ....................................................................................................28–31 B. Semicolons (Items #21–25) .................................................................................................... 31 C. Colons (Items #26–27) .......................................................................................................... 32 D. End-Stop Punctuation (Item #28) ........................................................................................ 32 Adjectives, and Other Adverb (Items #22– 23) ................................... 19 2. Linking Verbs (Items #24–25) ................................................................... 19 3. Watch for Adjectives Posing as Adverbs (Items #26–28) ......... 19–20 1. Wrong Preposition (Items #51–52) ......................................................... 23 2. Wrong Word Choice (Items #53–54) ...................................................... 23 3. Gerund versus Infinitive (Items #55–56) ............................................... 23

E NGLISH C OURSE C ONCEPT O UTLINE • 5

E. Dashes (Items #29–30) ......................................................................................................... 32 F. Quotation Marks (Item #31) ................................................................................................... 33 G. Apostrophes (Items #32–34) ................................................................................................ 33 H. Punctuating for Clarity Exercise (Item #35) ....................................................................... 34 VI. UNIT 4 | PRODUCTION OF WRITING AND KNOWLEDGE OF LANGUAGE........................................................................................................ 35 A. Production of Writing (Items #1–12) ..................................................................................... 35 1. Strategy ......................................................................................................... 36 a) Appropriate Supporting Material (Item #1, #10) .................................................................................36, 38 b) E ective Opening, Transitional, and Concluding Sentences (Item #2, #7, #11) ......................................................36, 38 c) Main Idea (Item #3, #12) .............................................................36, 38 d) Audience (Item #4) ............................................................................. 36 2. Organization................................................................................................. 36 a) Sentence-Level Structure (Item #9) ............................................... 38 b) Paragraph-Level Structure (Item #5) ............................................. 36 c) Passage-Level Structure (Item #6, #8) ...................................37–38 B. Knowledge of Language ...................................................................................................... 39 1. Conciseness (Items #13–18) ...................................................................... 39 2. Clarity of Meaning (Item #19) .................................................................... 39 3. Idiomatic Expression (Item #20) .............................................................. 39 VII. UNIT 5 | GENERAL STRATEGIES.......................................................................... 40 VIII. QUIZZES ................................................................................................................... 43 A. Directed Study Quiz (Items #1–32) ............................................................................... 44–55 B. Timed Quiz (Items #1–29) ..............................................................................................56–62 X. STRATEGY SUMMARY....................................................................................63–66

UNIT 3 Punctuation

Tt ehset eidt ebmyst ihne tAhCi sTsEe cntgi ol i ns ha Tc ceos tm. Ypoaun ywtihl lewi no-rckl at shsr or euvgihe wt h oe fi ttehme sp uwni ct ht uyaot ui orni ns ks ti rl lus cat no rd icnocnlcaesps .t s Answers are on page 353. DIRECTIONS: For items #1–34, identify the re-phrasing that best expresses the meaning of the underlined material. The answer choice “ No Change ” indicates that the underlined material is correct as written.

Know the Nuts and Bolts OE nn gtlhi sehAqCuTe st et isot n, as l l will have item stems.

COMMAS

1. I think that Doré’s illustrations of Dante’s Divine Comedy are excellent; but my fLaivborarirtye.”drawing is “Don Quixote in His A. No Change B . ai sr e“ Deox nc eQl lue inxto, tbeuitnmHyi sf aLvi ob rr iatreyd.” r a w i n g C . adrrea we xi nc egl lies n“ tDionnt hQauti xmoyt ef ai nvoHr ii st eL i b ra r y.” D . aQruei xeoxtcee lilne nHti se vLei bnrtahroyu” gi sh m“ Dyofna v o r i t e drawing. 2. Pr eraa dc ti li yc aslol yl uabl ll en, i at rnadt et sh ea yr ea cr er ycsht aa lrlai nc tee ar ni zde d bchyamrcaoraklesdbdy eacbrelopwitaptiipoen. when heated on F. No Change GH .. cc rr yy ss tt aa ll ll ii nn ee , aanndd rreeaaddi il lyy ssool luubbl lee ,a anndd J. crystalline and readily soluble and,

3. Tr ahnes da cokoer dw, ba us ta ij ta rd iadn nd ot th seehe omu saes ht ha odubgehe n a A n . y of his possessions were missing. No Change B. wraanssaacjakreadn, bdutthe house, had been C. wraanssaacjakre, danbdutthe house had been D. wraanssaacjakre, dthbeuhtouse had been 4. Ss ei nr ci oeums adna ymda igsee at os ecsr oa pn sd, isnpseecci tasl cnaaut isoen a l lt ehgei sqlua at iroann thi anse boef ei mn pp aosr st ee dd pt ol apnrtos v. i d e f o r

Sum It UP Ubesfeoarecocomomrdainating ct wo noj ui nndcet ipoennsdj eoni nt i n g ct wl aou scel asu, us ensl easrsetvheer y short.

F. No Change G H . . c c r r o o p p s s ; . S sp p e e c c i i a a l l J. crops special

U NIT 3 | P UNCTUATION • 29

5. Aa bf ur al lkterma i na nc, rae wc o cnodnuscitsot sr, oafnad mt woot otri cmkaent , takers. A. No Change B. A full train crew consists of a ma nodt,otrwmoatni c, ka ebtrtaakkeemr sa. n , a c o n d u c t o r C. A full train crew consists of a manodtotwrmoatnic,kaebt rtaakkeemrsa. n a conductor D. A full train crew consists of a manodtotwrmoatnickaebtrtaakkeemrsa. n a conductor, 6. To uh tee pr rcoocveedr uprlea tree, qrue imr eosvteh taht ey tohue or mp eons tt ahte, rreeppllaaccee tthhee bthreorkmenosstwatit.ch, and then F. No Change G. plate remove the thermostat, replace H . tphl aetbe rroekme no vsew, ti ht ceht; haenrdm o s t a t r e p l a c e J. tphlaetberroekmenovsewtihtceht,haenrdmostat replace the broken switch and 7. After Peter �inished painting the bird fteheedoearkhtereaen.d Jack hung it from a limb of A. No Change B C. . t th he e b b i i r r d d f f e e e e d d e e r r , ; h h e e a a n n d d J J a a c c k k h h u u n n g g i i t t D. the bird feeder, he and Jack, hung it 8. Wt e nh ewnaPs at th ee xhpi lgahi ne es td mt oa rhki sgmi v oe nt hoe nr tt hh ae t entrance test she breathed a sigh of relief. F. No Change G. mother, that ten was the highest mark given on the entrance test, H. mother that ten was the highest mark given on the entrance test, J. mother that ten was the highest mark given on the entrance test;

9. Tb ei mc ahuos ep ehse tpol as cnosrteowg oe ltl oo na nt hI veyeLxaema g u e school. A. No Change B. Tim hopes to score well on the exam: he plans to go to an Ivy League school. C. Tim hopes to score well on the exam, bLeeacaguuseeshcheopolal.ns to go to an Ivy D. Tim hopes to score well on the exam he plans to go to an Ivy League school. 10. Isno itlhai st yi mp ipc aolvde ri ei st hme da yr ec og inotna iwn iot hn liyt s8 a0r0i d calories per day. F. No Change G. In this impoverished region with its aornildy s8o0i 0l ; caatlyopr ii ceas l pdei re tdma ya. y c o n t a i n H. In this impoverished region, with its ao rnildy s8o0i 0l , ac atlyopriiceasl pdei er tdma ya. y c o n t a i n J. In this impoverished region with its ao rnildy s8o0i 0l , ac atlyopriiceasl pdei er tdma ya. y c o n t a i n 11. B br e i g d u g n e in 1981 and completed in 1985 the provided the �irst link between the island and the mainland. A. No Change B. Begun in 1981 and completed in C. 1T9h8e5b,rtihdegebrbiedgguen in 1981 and D. cBoemgupnle—teidn i1n918918a5nd completed in 1985—the bridge 12. Tb oa nsdl oawg et ha reobulne de dt ihneg l Vo awne rt i epdo rat iporne sosf ut rhee leg. F. No Change G. To slow the bleeding—Van tied a pp roerst isounreo fbtahnedlaegge. a r o u n d t h e l o w e r H. To slow the bleeding, Van tied a pp roerst isounreo fbtahnedlaegge. a r o u n d t h e l o w e r J. To slow the bleeding, Van tied a pproerstisounreofbtahnedlaegge., around the lower

Sum It Up UClsaeriCtoymmas for 1 . Ui f steh ea sceonmtemnac e mtoidghiftfebreensut bject i w n i t t e h r o p u re t t i a t. tions 2 . Ua spea ua sceo wmomual di f mseankteentcheeclearer arenadde. asier to Take a Breath Use the breath test to �igure out wc ohme mt hae.rIyf oyuo un er eeadda ay os ue nwt ei l nl chee aa rl ohuodw, as ungagteusrtasl wp ahue sr ee a ci no sme rmt ea ds. hAol ut hl do ubgeh tl ihset epnriancgt ifcoer oa f p a u s e ias ng o’ tofda i ll a- ssat free, si to irst wcohmemn aallruoltehsesreem to fail.

30 • E NGLISH

13. Nb oi ar gdaerrabFeat lwl se, ewnhtihc eh Uf onrimt esd pSat ratt eosf at hned CthaenFadrean, cwhaisnth1e72si5t.e of a saw mill built by A. No Change B . Nb ei at wg aereanFtahl el s Uf onri mt e sd pSat ar tt eosf at hn ed b o r d e r C. C N a ia n g a a d r a a Falls, which forms part of the bCoanrdaedra—between the United States and D . Nb oi ar gdaerrabFeat lwl se, ewnhtihc eh Uf onrimt esd pSatratt eosf at hned Canada; it 14. Dmeaadne Aa crheeassoonn, etdh ed es ef ecnr es et aor fy tohfesttraetae t, y. F. No Change G. Dean Acheson, the secretary of state, htreeamtya.de a reasoned defense of the H. Dean Acheson; the secretary of state, made a reasoned defense of the treaty. J. Dmeaadne Aa crheeassoonn et hd edseef ce rnestea royf tohf es tt ar et ea t y . 15. Ut hnet iol nt hl ye me nuds i oc ifatnhse ieni gNhotrewe na tyh, wc eenr et u r y, sciomunptlerypseidaesa. nts who traveled about the A. No Change B . tmhue sei icgi ahnt eseinnt Nh oc rewn tauyr wy, et hr ee soinml yp l e C. ptheeaseaignhtsteenth century, the only m pe u a s s i a c n ia t n s, s in Norway were simple D . tmh ue sei icgi ahnt eseinnt Nh oc rewn tauyr wy tehr ee os inml yp l e peasants—

16. Pt hrei zpe as rwt i icl il pbaen at ,wwahr do ecdo mi n pei al ecsh tehvee gnrt e, aa tneds t overall total, will receive a special prize. F. No Change G . ec ov emnpt ;i l ae ns dt ht eh eg rpeaarttei cs ti poavnetr, awl l ht oo t a l , H . wec oviem ll n p r t e i , l c a e e n s i d v t e ht eh eg rpeaarttei cs itpoavnetr wa l hl too t a l w i l l J. reevceenitv,eand the participant who cwoimll preilceesivtehe greatest, overall, total 17. Sn ieni tche el re amr ny i nwgi foef nt hoer dI ahnagveer sc oo nf cs auf mf e iende ,a n y beverage, containing caffeine. A. No Change B . cc aofnfes ui nme ende iatnhye rbmevye rwaigfee, n o r I h ave C. cc aofnfes ui nme —e dnaeniyt hbeervme ryawg ei—fe n o r I h ave D. ccaofnfesuinme,endeaitnhyebr emveyrwagifee nor I have 18. After months of separation, Gauguin �inally joined Van Gogh in Arles in October of 1888, Gauguin left a few weeks later. F. No Change G. in Arles in October of 1888; Gauguin, H . hi no Awrel ve es ri, nl eOacvti onbg ear foefw1 8w8e8e,kist lwa taesr t g h o r n e e e weeks later when Gauguin was J. iwneAerklse sl aitne rOGc taoubgeuri no fl e1f8t 8 8 , b u t a f e w

The Cambridge Edge Wl e ahveeni ti no ud to. uI bf t , ywohue at hr ee rnao ts es nu tree n c e roer qyuoiur eds oa ncootms me ea ai ncsleeratrorneea s(os un ctho a s ammebanigiunog)u,sthseentence sdeonetse nn oc et rperqoubiar be lay comma.

U NIT 3 | P UNCTUATION • 31

19. Bt rye et hs ea nmdi dt hd el euonf dJ eurnber, ut hs he wf oal isa lgues oh na nt hde gt or eseene avne rdysfoa rt,hiinctkotthhaet wi t owoadss .i m p o s s i b l e A. No Change B. By the middle of June the foliage on tl uh seht raeneds ga rnede nt h; ea nudn di tewr barsussoh twh iacsk tinhtaot tithwe wasoiomdps.ossible to see, very far, C. By the middle of June the foliage, on tl uh seht raeneds ga rnede nt haenudnsdoe tr hb ircuks thh, awt ai ts wthaeswimoopdoss.sible to see very far, into D. By the middle of June, the foliage on tl uh seht raeneds garnede nt haenudnsdoe trhbircuks thh wa taist wwaosodims.possible to see very far into the SEMICOLONS 21. Hn oewg rtehwe cuapp ot ani na of af ramn ianv yN sehbirpa. s k a ; h e i s A. No Change B. He grew up on a farm in Nebraska, he is now the captain of a navy ship. C. He grew up on a farm in Nebraska he is now the captain of a navy ship. D. He grew up on a farm in Nebraska; w sh h ip il . e he is now the captain of a navy 22. Tr ehf ee rSeme ’ist hdteocwi sni opnl;atyheer sS tcohneyebr er odotkh ep l a y e r s booed it. F. No Change G. The Smithtown players cheered the r p e la fe y r e e r e s ’s bo d o e e ci d si i o t . n the Stonybrook H. The Smithtown players cheered the r p e la fe y r e e r e s ’s bo d o e e ci d si i o t . n, the Stonybrook J. The Smithtown players cheered the r p e la fe y r e e r e s ’s bo d o e e ci d si i o t . n: the Stonybrook

20. Smt au jdoer ns ,t smwu hs to dpel calna rt eo tghreaidr ui na tt ee nwt ii ot hn jaoni ndt iodfetnhteiifry jtuhneiotwr yoeaarresa. s of study by the end F. No Change G. Students who plan to graduate with H. jSotiundtemntasj,owrshmo upslat ndetoclgarraeduate with J . jSot iundt emn tasj —o r sw, hmoups ltadnetcol agrrea d u a t e w i t h joint majors—must declare

Take a Breath Ub rseeapt ha iunsge st oi n da ec toemr mmi an emwi ghhet t bh ee r appropriate.

23. WstohoednuJoph. n entered the room; everyone A. No Change BC.. rroooomm,, eevveerryyoonnee, D. room everyone 24. Cd ol enma taendntoouHnacrebdutshHa totuhsee ;par iwz ee lwl -okunlodwbne charity. F. No Change G. would be donated to Harbus House a H. wweolul-ldknboewdnonated to, Harbus House, a J. wweolul-ldknboewdnonated to Harbus House, a well-known 25. TWhaeg nn ienr eat ne ednMt ha-hc leenr t du irdy mc oomr ep tohs ae nr sj u s t wworirtkesm. usic, they conducted their own A. No Change BC .. mm uu ss ii cc ,; itnh et hy actotnhdeuycctoe dn d u c t e d D. music, with their conducting of

Level Up To ph tei of onlsl oawr ei nagl l ct oo rsreepcat rwa taey s icnl aduespeesn: d e n t 1. afoclloomwmeda by a 2 3 . . c a e o n s n d e j - m u s n t i o c c o p ti l o o n n I t f w y o o p a u u n s n s e c w e tu e a a r t t c l i e h o a n o s i t c es w(ainthd tnhoeosethfeeratures dc ai fnf eerlei mn ci ensa)t, eytohuo s e cc ha no’itc be se, ms i no cree tthhaenre oa nn de ct ho or rseecct haoniscwe se r w eq o u u a l l d . essentially be

32 • E NGLISH

COLONS

26. Tt hhee ssceeenme ionfgml y atnr ay ncqr iumi l el as ni ne chl ua ds ibnege: nt w o a F. ssaults, three robberies, and one murder. No Change G . irnocbl bu edri inegs ,t wa nodaos ns ae uml t us ,r tdherre e H. ianncdluodniengmtuwrodearssaults three robberies J. irnocbl bu edri inegs: at wn do oans se amu lut sr dt eh rr e e

27. In addition to test scores, college admissions of�icers take into consideration ma sa: ng yr aodtehse, re fxat cr taocrusr rs iuccuhl a r a c t i v i t i e s , a A n . d letters of recommendation. No Change B. faaccttivoirtsie, ssu, acnhdaslegtrteardseos,fextracurricular C. rfaecctoomrsm: seuncdhaatsiognrades, extracurricular ar ec ct iovmi t ime se, nadnadt iloent t e r s o f D. faaccttivoirtsiessuacnhdaslegtrteardseos fextracurricular recommendation

Don’t Forget This! Rc oelmo nesmrbeeprl atchea t pi nhtrraosdeusctehaa tl i s t , i“nl ickleu,”d “i nt hga“ts iusc,”heat cs .,” Ubuset noonteboorthth. e other,

END-STOP PUNCTUATION

28. Peter noti�ied Elaine. The guidance c F. ounselor, that he had been accepted. No Change G. Peter noti�ied Elaine the guidance counselor, that he had been accepted. H. Peter noti�ied Elaine, the guidance counselor that he had been accepted. J. Peter noti�ied Elaine, the guidance counselor, that he had been accepted. 29. Pa ne ai nn ut et rs e—s tbi nl agntcehxet du roer al ni gdh tt al ys treo at os tgeadr, daednd salads. A. No Change B . Pr oeaasntue tds——abdl adnacnh ei ndt eorrelsi gt ihntgl yt e x t u r e and taste to garden salads. C. Peanuts blanched or lightly roasted — agadrddaenn isnatleardess.ting texture and taste to D . Pa de adnaunt si n, bt el ar ne scthi ne dg toerxltiug rhet laynrdo at as tset ed —t o garden salads.

DASHES Hint of Humor Whahvye da ihdatrhdetpimereiod mB eackaiunsgef ri ti eonndl ys ? kconnovwesrshaotwionto. end a Learn More! Kb entowwe tehne edmi f f (e—r e n) c e aE nmd deans h( –e )s da raes hu es es .d tbor ec ar ek ai tne aa sset nr ot enng c e othrotuogshett, olifkfeawe see iAnnthenis duansiht. is used pa rriamn agrei loyf tnouimn dbi ec rast e, dt oa tceosn, nt iemc te sr e, al ant de d i“tTehmesN—ewforYeoxrakm– ple, London �light that was delayed.”

30. Twheea vr eurg’ sg sekt si l li et sd sut rs iek oi nf gd yc oe sl o—r sbfor tohmn taht ue r a l avanrdiastyinonthse. tic to create shades in subtle F. No Change G. dcryeeasteboth natural and synthetic to H. d cr y e e a s t —e both natural—and synthetic to J. d cr y e e a s t —e both natural and synthetic—to

U NIT 3 | P UNCTUATION • 33

QUOTATION MARKS 31. The �irst chapter of The Scarlet Letter is “The Custom House.” A. No Change B. The �irst chapter of The Scarlet Letter is The Custom House. C. The �irst chapter of The Scarlet Letter is The Custom House. D. The �irst chapter of “ The Scarlet Letter” is “The Custom House.” APOSTROPHES 32. Ac ocnc os irsdt iendg otfot lwe ge ennt yd-, f Ko ui nr gkAn ri gt hh ut sr, secaoc uh rot f wtahleonmt owravsircthuoes.en by Arthur for a special F. No Change G H . . K K i i n n g g A A r r t t h h u u r r s ’s ’ c c o o u u r r t t J. Kings Arthurs’s court 33. Ii sn itmh ep ot ur tramnot itlootfroyutro mk eoedpe ri nn mt i mi neds ,t hi te fouunrdsaomcieentyt.al moral values that structure

34. Ww ehi igl he tsl hi f et eards df ar ec es sheaddt ha ne be xa pr br ee sl ls, itohne o f deep concentration. F. No Change GH.. tthhee wweeiigghhttlliifftteerrss’’sfafaccee J. the weightlifter’s face

The Cambridge Edge Ao fs tah ug emnbe,rsailnrguul lea r nouns and inde�inite pa pr oons toruonpsh ae dadn dt h“e- s .” Pi nl u“ r- sa”l na do du nosnel yn dt hi ne g apostrophe.

A. No Change B C. . modern times’ D. mm o o d d e e r r n n t t i i mm e e ’ s s ’s

34 • E NGLISH

PUNCTUATING FOR CLARITY EXERCISE

DIRECTIONS: Item #35 requires punctuation of the paragraph. 35. Oc anl l eMd o hn idsa ym oMt ahrekr rheecresievlef da ag rl ea tdtue ar t eo f oafc cSet pa tt ea nCc oe l lfergoem t oS t taet lel Ch oe rl l eagbeo uHte hi ims ma cecdei pa tt ea lnyc e Wh ahnegni n gh eu pt o lMd ahr ekr’ s hme oht ha de r adles coi dbeede nt oa wt harrodwe da as us rcphroilsaer sphai pr t ys hfeo rwMa sa rvke rSyh ee xtceilteepdh oAnf teedr hb ei s ab rsoutrhperri s he i ss hsei s tme ra daen dt h seemv e ar al ll porfo hmi si s ef r ineontd st o Bseacya uasney tthhien gp at rot yMwa raks Ms uapr pk o hs eodw et ov e r hmaadt ear sHi me itlealre pi dheoan ead phairst yb rfootrh ehri s hmi s ost hi set re rt oa ncde l es ebvr ea rt ea l hoi sf ha icsc eppatraennctes ’ aftr ihe enrd sa ltmo ai n v i t e tnhoet mh i ntgo tao phai sr t ym oa tt hhe irs Ohno uSsaet uornd aSya tnuirgdhat y bno itghh tMaanr kd ahne dmha idse mt hoet hme ra lwl eprreo ms ui sr ep rti os e ds a. y

Level Up Py ouut ’evveelreyatrhni endg at ob ot huet pt eusnt ci nt uiat et imo n #r e3a5d. wR ei tmh etmh eb ee yr et o ot of af onc euds imt oor raenodn tohf et ha er cphai rt ea cg tr ua rpeh tbheai nn gotno lt dh .eMs taor rky ictoumpp, ou nn edne trsl i, naen d ca rsoysosuo nu et epda rt tos i n ot hr ed eprutnoc mt u aa kt ieo snuirse perfect.

READING Course Concept Outline

I. TEST MECHANICS .................................................................................................. 69 A. Overview ................................................................................................................................. 70 B. Anatomy (Items #1–4) ..................................................................................................... 70–72 C. Pacing ...................................................................................................................................... 72 D. Time Trial (Items #1–3) .................................................................................................... 73–74 E. Game Plan............................................................................................................................... 74

1. Quickly Preview the Test Section, but Skip the Directions.............. 74 2. Personalize the Passage Order ..............................................................74 3. Read Any Introductory Notes .................................................................. 74 4. Preview the Passage ..........................................................................74–75 5. Preview the Item Stems .....................................................................75–76 6. Read the Passage ....................................................................................... 76 7. Answer the Items ................................................................................. 76–77 8. Remember to Review ................................................................................77 9. Don’t Be Distracted by the Clock ........................................................... 77

II. UNIT | PRELIMINARIES 1 A. Passage Profiles B. Item Profiles C. Facts about Passages

1. Four Passage Topics, Unfamiliar Subjects 2. Passages Test Comprehension, Not “Speed-Reading”

III. UNIT 1 | ITEM TYPES AND STRATEGIES............................................................. 80 A. Item-Types ............................................................................................................................... 81

1. Main Idea (Items #1–2) ................................................................................ 81 2. Explicit Detail (Items #3–5) ........................................................................ 81 3. Vocabulary (Item #6) ................................................................................... 81 4. Text Structure (Items #7–8) ....................................................................... 82

1 Some concepts in this Course Concept Outline are not illustrated through examples in your student text but may be covered by your instructor in class. They are included here to provide a complete outline of your course.

68 • R EADING

5. Events and Relationships (Items #9–11) .................................................82 6. Implied Idea (Items #12–13) ....................................................................... 83 7. Application (Items #14–15) ......................................................................... 83 8. Voice (Items #16–17) .................................................................................... 83 9. Arguments (Items #18–19) ......................................................................... 83 B. Strategies ................................................................................................................................ 84 1. Three Reading Comprehension Levels

a) General Theme b) Specific Points c) Evaluation 2. Using the Three Comprehension Levels 3. Five Steps to Approaching Passages (Items #20–28) .............. 84–85 a) Label Passages as “Easy” or “Hard” b) Preview First and Last Sentences of Selection 4. Item-Type Strategies ..................................................................................86 a) Main Idea Clues (Items #29–31) ............................................. 86–87 b) Explicit Detail Clues (Item #32) ....................................................... 87 c) Vocabulary Clues (Items #33–37) .................................................. 87 d) Text Structure Clues (Items #38–39) ............................................. 87 e) Events and Relationships Clues (Items #40–41) ................. 87–88 f) Implied Idea Clues (Item #42–43) .................................................. 88 g) Application Clues (Item #44) ........................................................... 88 h) Voice Clues (Item #45) ...................................................................... 88 i) Arguments Clues (Item #46) ............................................................ 88 c) Preview Item Stems d) Read the Passage e) Answer the Items

IV. UNIT 2 | MULTIPLE TEXTS ....................................................................................89 A. Questions that Compare and Contrast (Items #1–9) .................................................89–92 B. Further Practice (Items #10–33) .................................................................................... 93–98 V. UNIT 3 | FURTHER USE OF READING STRATEGIES, PART 1..........................99

VI. UNIT 4 | FURTHER USE OF READING STRATEGIES, PART 2....................... 109

VII. QUIZZES .................................................................................................................. 119 A. Directed Study Quiz (Items #1–18) .............................................................................120–128 B. Timed Quiz (Items #1–17) .............................................................................................129–132 IX. STRATEGY SUMMARY................................................................................. 133 – 134

UNIT 2 Multiple Texts QUESTIONS THAT COMPARE AND CONTRAST

Know the Nuts and

PASSAGE I SOCIAL SCIENCE: Passage A is adapted from the “Farewell Address to the Nation” in 1796 by George Washington, the �irst president of tt hh ee U“ Fnairt ee wd eS ltlaAt edsd. rPeassss taog et hBe iNs aa tdi oa pn ”t ei dn f1r9o 6m1 bofytDhwe UignhitteDd. ESitsaetensh.ower, the 34th president Passage A Europe has a set of primary interests wr e hl ai ct iho nt o. Hu se nhcaev es hneo mn eu, sot r bae veenr gy argeemd oi nt e farreeqeusesnetnct ioanl ltyr of ov er er isgi ens t, ot hoeu cr acuosnecseor nf ws . h i c h Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves by arti�icial ties in the oo rr dd ii nn aa rr yy vc oi cmi sbs ii nt uadt ieosnos f ahnedr cpool ll ii tsiicosn, so ro ft hhee r friendships or enmities. Why forego the advantages of so pt oe cs ut al inadr ua ps oi tnu af ot iroeni g? nWg hr oy uqnudi t? oWu hr yo, wb yn ipnatretr owf eEauvri no pg eo, uern dt aens gt ilneyowu ri tphetahcaet aonf da n y pr irvoasl sphe irpi t, yi ni tne trhe es tt, ohi ul smoof rE, uo rr ocpaeparni c ae m? b i t i o n , It is our true policy to steer clear of pt heer mf oar ne iegnnt wa lol iralndc; esso wf airt,hI amneyapno, ratsi owneo f ab reeunnodwe rastt ol iobde ratsy ctaopdaob liet ; of of rp al et tr omnei zni nogt it nh �ei dme al i xt yi mt oneox li es st isnagpepnl igcaagbel me teon pt su. bI lhi co lt dh a n tboe sptr pi voalti ec ya. fIf ar ierps e, at ht ai tt , ht ho enreesftoyr ies, al el wt tahyoss teh e es enng saeg. eBmuet n, itns mb ey oobpsi enri vo end, i itni st hueni nr egceensus ianrey and would be unwise to extend them.

Taking care always to keep ourselves bd ye fseunistiavbel ep oe ss tt ua br el i,swh me me natys soanf eal yr et sr pu setc t a b l e to temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies. Passage B America is today the strongest, the most in�luential, and most productive nation ipnr et h- eemwi no er lndc. eU, nwdee yr se tt arneda al ibz ley t ph raot uAdmoef rtihc ias’ s luepaodne rosuhri pu na nmda pt crhees dt i gme adt ee rpieanl dp ,r no og rt ems se, r e l y rwi cehuesseaonudr mp oi lwi t aerryi ns ttrheen gi nt ht e, rbeustt so on f hwoowr l d peace and human betterment. Throughout America’s adventure in fbreeeeng toov ke re ne mp tehnet , pseuacche ;b taos ifco sptuerrpporsoegsr he sa sv ei n hd ui gmn iat ny , aacnhdi ei vn et emg er int ty, aa nmdo tnog epnehoapnl ec es al i nb de r t y , among nations. To strive for less would be unworthy of a free and religious people. Any failure traceable to arrogance or our lack of comprehension or readiness to sacri�ice would in�lict upon us a grievous hurt, both at home and abroad. Progress toward these noble goals is pe ne rgsuils�ti enng ttl hy et hwr eo ar ltde .nIet dc obmy tmh ae ncdosn o� lui crt wn ohwo l e ah tot setni ltei oi nd ,eaobl os go yr bgsl oobuarl vi ne rsyc ob pe ien, ga st h. We i es t fi ac ci en a ci nh amr ae ct ht eord, .r Uu tnhhl ea spsp ii nl y pt uh repdoasne g, ae nr di t ipnos si de iso u s promises to be of inde�inite duration. To meet it successfully, there is called for,

Bolts Ai n cdlouudbelse -qpuaessstai og ne s , uf osuura, ltlhy atthar seke aobr o u t sdiimf f ei lraerni tcieess boer t w e e n tehi teh tewr oi npcaosns at egnets ,o r style. Edge This �irst passage is cbhe ac al lue ns eg iint gi sstiamkpe lny fi nr o1m7 9a6s.pWe ehcehn g i v e n wp aosrskai gneg wwri it tht ean bg ee tf obroeg1g 9e 0d 0d, odwo nn ’ t irnh ea troc rhi ac i. cF so tcyul se oo nr the main ideas. The Cambridge

30

35

40

5

10

45

15

50

20

55

25

60